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International Journal of Immunology Sciences

Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Emerging biomarkers in cancer detection and prognosis: A comprehensive review

Author(s):

Abdulhakeem Dahham Hussein, Mohammed JI Al-Shammari, Mohammed Raheem Karim Alqaisy and Osama A Mohsein

Abstract:

Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for early detection and precise prognostic tools. Emerging biomarkers have shown great promise in revolutionizing cancer diagnosis and improving prognostic accuracy. These biomarkers, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers, offer insights into tumor behavior, progression, and response to treatment. This comprehensive review explores key advances in cancer biomarker research, focusing on liquid biopsies, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs, and exosomal markers. Liquid biopsies have gained traction due to their non-invasive nature and ability to detect ctDNA, providing real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics. MicroRNAs serve as critical regulators of gene expression, with distinct expression patterns correlating with specific cancer types and stages. Additionally, exosomes, small extracellular vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, have emerged as valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools, reflecting the molecular profile of the parent tumor. Clinical application of these biomarkers has demonstrated their potential in early cancer detection, risk stratification, and therapy selection, particularly in personalized medicine. For instance, biomarkers like prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have long been used, but novel biomarkers offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Despite these advancements, challenges such as variability in biomarker expression, limited validation studies, and high costs must be addressed. Future research should prioritize integrating emerging biomarkers into clinical workflows, validating their utility across diverse populations, and exploring their potential in guiding targeted therapies. By harnessing these innovations, biomarker-driven strategies can transform cancer care and improve patient outcomes.

Pages: 01-12  |  162 Views  92 Downloads


International Journal of Immunology Sciences
How to cite this article:
Abdulhakeem Dahham Hussein, Mohammed JI Al-Shammari, Mohammed Raheem Karim Alqaisy and Osama A Mohsein. Emerging biomarkers in cancer detection and prognosis: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Immunol. Sci. 2025;7(1):01-12. DOI: 10.33545/26648482.2025.v7.i1a.3
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International Journal of Immunology Sciences

International Journal of Immunology Sciences